1.2 Apoptosis: Cell Suicide

Plant and Animal Cell Diagrams

Scientific Drawing: Part 2

Scientific Drawing

Microscope Part Functions

Diagram for Labelling: Microscope

Use of the Compound Microscope

Learning Skills

Student Evaluation Criteria

Course Overview

Les Religions du Monde Worksheet

Course Teaches Different Faiths Article

Student Evaluation Criteria

Course Overview

Introduction aux Religions

Tout sur la terre functionne sur l'opposition.



Quelques statistiques:

Le Christianisme: catholicisme, protestantisme, orthodox.

• 1,7 milliard de baptisés

L'Islam: sunnites, chiites, soufis.

• 1,3 milliard

L'Hindouisme: 

• 800 millions

Le Boudhisme: petit véhicule et grand véhicule.

• 350 millions

Le Judaïsme: hassidiques, orthodoxes, conservateurs, libéraux.

• 14 millions

La religion est la célébration de notre foi en publique.

Assette: controler la souffrance de son corps et se dépriver de tout.

3 Sortes de Religions:

L'illumination: à travers des réflections et méditation personelle, tu comprends la religion. (Bouddhisme, Hindouisme)

La révélation: Dieu se fait connaître, il s'est manifesté aux humains pour leur faire croire et faire. (Judaïsme, Christianisme, l'Islam) exemple: la trinité.

L'environnement: la religion et la vie sont ensemble. Dieu est partout; l'environnement est sacré. (Shinto, spiritualité autochtone, animisme africain)

4 Types de Religions:

L'animisme: tous les phénomènes naturels et les animaux ont un esprit.

Le monothéisme: la croyance en un seul Dieu créateur.

La polythéisme: la croyance en plusieurs Dieux. Il y a souvent une hiérarchie.

Le dualisme: la croyance en deux forces opposées mais égales. On a tous deux parties. 

Exemple de Yin & Yang, qu'on a tous deux parties en nous. (une fille peut avoir des traits d'un garçon etc.)

 Les Similarités:

Puissance: quelque chose plus grand que l'homme. 

Saintes écritures: l'histoire, les règles, forme de culte.

Lieux saints: site d'un évènement religieux important (mais pas l'endroit de culte e.g. l'église).

Personnages importants: fondateurs, prophètes.

Symboles: par lesquels on peut identifier la religion.

Lieux de culte: endroit où on se réunis (l'église, temple, arbre).

Liturgie: pour célébrer les jours saints, événements et parole de Dieu.

Règle d'or: fraternité humaine.

Les Différences:

• Le péché (sin)
• La rédemption (salvation - salut)
• La prêtrise (les prêtres)
• Dieu

Les Religions du Monde

La cause de tout les problèmes et les guerres est la religion, pas l'ignorance, maladies, famine, etc.

Cochons considerés comme sal parce qu'ils ne mangent pas l'herbe.

Culture et la religion changent l'un et l'autre. Quand la culture change, la religion change aussi. (exemple: le pouvoir de toucher le pain à l'église)

1,8 Milliards de Chrétiens
1,3 Milliards d'Islams

Prendre des choses culturelles et leur transformer en quelque chose religieuse. (exemple: "spirit" au lieu de "Sprite") Faire ton propre annonce.

Le Coran n'est pas le Coran si c'est pas dans la langue de Mohammed. Quelques Musulmans doivent mémoriser le Coran pour qu'ils puissent le récrire si on en a besoin.

L'Islam est populaire à l'est où il y a un gros taux de natalité.

Maximes: fortunes.
Virtue: on doit faire ce qu'on doit faire parce que c'est la bonne chose à faire.

Les femmes peuvent devenir rabi dans la judaïsme libéral.

Torah: les 5 premier livres dans la bibles.
Sortent le Torah le samedi soir (le sabat) peut pas toucher avec tes mains. Quand c'est trop difficile à lire, il y a un funérail.

Le Torah prend un an à lire.
Le Bible prend trois ans à lire.

Quand les autochtones mangent un animal, ils font la prière pour remercier l'esprit de l'animal pour leur corps. Ils n'aiment pas le film 'Brother Bear' parce que l'héro est un homme blanc.

Autochtones: premiers écologistes.
On pense qu'on est plus haut que la nature mais les autochtones se sentent comme une partie de la nature.

Writing Module 09

The notes capture and organize the story.

• Questions help focus story.
• If incomplete, there is more reporting to do.
• Organizing notes helps make decisions.

Highlighters organize notes making it easier to write the story.

Good stories come in many forms.

Effective writing is good writing.

• Narrative elements
• Fresh and original
• Tightly written and lively

1.2 Apoptosis: Cell Suicide

1) What are the two common causes of cell death?

• mechanical forces or toxic chemicals
• eliminate cells harmful to the organism

2) Describe the changes that occur during apoptosis.

• shrinking
• disintegration of mitochondria and nucleus
• breakdown of the cell into several membrane-bound fragments
• intake of cell fragments by other cells

3) Describe the three triggers of apoptosis.

• The formation of protein clusters called apoptosomes within the cell.
• The attaching of cell death activator molecules to the outer surface of the cell membrane.
• The formation of reactive oxygen molecules such as hydrogen peroxide in the cell.

4) Why do researchers assume that apoptosis is responsible for the decrease in the number of T-helper cells in AIDS?

When the T-helper cells are infected with HIV, they die by apoptosis.

5) Most cancer drugs used today attempt to slow down the rate of cell division (mitosis). Using the internet and other resources, discover how research on apoptosis might be used to produce new cancer drugs.

Cells commit apoptosis by disintegrating its organelles. This could help scientist because it they can find a way to target specific cells that are considered cancerous and duplicate their apoptosis process to rid the body of an excess amount of mutated cells.

Why should we learn about cells?

• Protects cells to prevent infection and other harmful effects
• Observe cells to diagnose diseases
• Treat cells to heal illness
• Stop harming cells through our choices and actions

Types of cells:

Eukaryotes (true cells):

• cells with a nuclear membrane surrounding the nucleic acid
• e.g. plant and animal cell

Prokaryotes:

• Cells with no nuclear membrane
• e.g. bacteria and cyanobacteria (blue-green)

By breaking an intermolecular bond, you create a different state of matter (e.g. two water molecules broken apart by heat would create water vapor).

The DNA in a bacteria is called a Plasmid. Viruses don't have the ability to reproduce itself therefore is not considered a cell. They reproduce  by injecting DNA into a host cell which then explodes - killing the host cell - releasing all new born viruses.

Incubation period: time for a virus to reproduce (e.g. when you're contagious)

The most contagious time is usually before symptoms start to show. 

The functions of a cell:

• to grow
• to repair and heal
• to go through cell division and reproduce

For one cell birth there has to be one cell death. Older cells make more mistakes which is why older people have more diseases. 

Do cells live forever?

• No, after a certain number of cell divisions all cells die by committing suicide (apoptosis).

When a cell is not functioning properly and cannot be fixed, the cell releases the enzymes in the lysosome to sacrifice itself for the overall health of the organism. It disintegrates all organelles within the cell.

• Cells also die by injury caused by mechanical forces or toxic chemicals.

Reasons for apoptosis:

• To eliminate cells that threaten the overall health of a multicellular organism
• Part of normal development

Plant cells have very defined, boxy shapes because of the cell wall. The cell wall is made of cellulose. Glucose helps you absorb waste much easier. Vacuoles in plant cells are very large to store water, nutrients, etc.

Cytoplasm: water, any other fluid, waste, etc. inside of the cell wall.

Turgor Pressure: when the fluids push up against the cell wall to keep it up-right so it doesn't wilt.

Mitochondria: turns everything into a usable source of energy.

Ribosomes are not membrane bound and carry protein. They sit on top of the endoplasmic reticulum. They just store energy and are the smallest organelle in a cell. The endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes on top make it "rough".

Chloroplast gives plants its colour. 

RNA: ribonucleic acid. (inside nucleolus)

DNA has to be protected at all times. (deoxyribonucleic acid) 

mRNA: messenger inside the nucleolus that tells the cell to produce proteins. It's a strand of code.

rRNA: comes to translate and read the code, calls out tRNA.

tRNA: carries a specific amino acid to come hook up the message. It's like a taxi, it picks up the amino acid, drops it off, then goes to get another one.

Our body can have up to 20 amino acids. 12 are produced by our bodies and 8 come from our diets.

Only animal cells have lysosomes and centrioles. Double layers are all membrane bound. 

Microscopes

Use a microscope to:

• study chemical reactions
• how a cell works
• study cells
• see organelles
• see DNA replicate

Insulin is used to re-harvest genes. Sophisticated microscopes are used.

Biopsy: a sample of a tumor looked at under a microscope.

Tissues: multiple cells put together.

Oil immersion lens is used specifically to look at a specimen with a drop of oil on it to give a very high resolution magnification. Field of view changes with your change of magnification.

You can move the stage up, down and sideways. 

The diaphragm controls the amount of light. Only use lens paper to clean the lens.

Tissues put together make organs, organs put together make systems. Skin is the largest organ, second largest is the liver.

Chapter One: Cell Biology

1938, James Hillier and Albert Prebus at U of T produced the first functional electron microscope. Scientists able to view viruses and sub cellular parts with great resolution. Viruses are measured in microbes.

Resin: solidified cube of a cell.

The three types of Microscopes:

1) Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

• Beam of electron passes through very thin slices of specimen
• Two dimensional view
• Time consuming to prepare specimen
• View dead specimen only
• Not portable

2) Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

• Electron scans across the surface of the sample
• Secondary electron releases by the sample to form a 3-D image

3) Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)

• A minuscule electron probe is placed near the sample
• The created image is converted to a topographic image by the computer
• Can manipulate molecules and atoms
• Study biology at the atomic level

Point of Interest

Phillipa of England was the first documented princess to wear white to her wedding in 1406.

In 1840, Victoria began a trend of women who would later wear white to honor their Queen. She chose white because she wanted to incorporate a piece of lace fabric she already owned.

Victorian Era

Queen Elizabeth - the longest rule in English history. This era sometimes known as the English Renaissance because the arts were reborn due to funding. Era was considered repressed and old fashioned with little expression but developed quickly technologically and became the beginning of the 'modern' times.

German is a respectful, beautiful language since it's the language of commerce and government.

Prince Albert had no living heirs so he adopted Queen Victoria. Lord Melbourne attempted to prevent her from seeing the harsh realities of English life and forbade her even from reading Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist. His only child died so he treated her like his daughter. When she became queen, no one expected her reign to last 64 years.

Enlightenment: "A state of maturity".
People believed they could now utilize reason to solve the world's prejudices and live in universal peace and harmony. Many writers believed they had achieved the enlightened state.

This era consisted of a patriarchal society and rural advancements.
Factory workers gained higher wages. In the books The Great Gatsby, Wuthering Heights, Great Expectations, Jan Eyre, Dracula, and The Picture of Dorian Gray, there should be directs references to characters who migrated to better themselves, characters rising out of poverty, social classes, strong women, schooling (differences between classes), spectacles and the use of the new railway system.

In 1851, the Great Exhibition took place in London, showcasing the new technologies and industrial advances.

More modern lifestyles became existent because of the new railway. By 1870, Britain grew from 10 million people to 26 million people.

The era was considered dark because after the Queen's husband died, she wore black for the rest of her life to represent her mourning.

Ideology of the time: 

• Democracy - government by the people.
• Feminism - the theory of the political, economical and social equality of the sexes producing and distributing to the community as a whole.
• Socialism - a social organization theory that advocates ownership and control for producing and distributing to the community as a whole.
• Utilitarianism - an ethical theory that all action should be directed toward achieving the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
• Darwinism - a theory that suggests a species originates from a parent and is adapted for the reproductive sex of their kind.
• Agnosticism - an intellectual doctrine affirming the uncertainty of all claims to ultimate knowledge

A gentleman was someone who had a liberal (public) education and it did not matter who his antecedents were.

All Victorian women were said to be weak and helpless, incapable of making decisions outside of the home. They were educated mostly in arts and had no right to money.

There was a bill passes to prevent children under 9 from working in the textile industry, but it did not apply to other industries. Teenage prostitution then became rampant since most children could no longer work.

Due to 3 reform bills, most men were allowed to vote if they were over the age of 21. 

The fashion of the women: corsets, balloon sleeves, the bustle.

The fashion of the men: cravats, hats, jackets, trousers, and facial hair.

WIGS (liberals)

TORI'S (conservatives)

During this era, paranormal activity became less shunned and women had to use pen names to achieve "realism" with their writing since no one would take a woman author seriously.

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